以a-开头的形容词用法新探 afraid
1. be afraid of doing sth. 和be afraid to do sth.
(1) Michael Swan着Practical English Usage (Third Editiion)p277:To talk about fear things that happen accidentally, we prefer afraid of +-ing.(表示害怕会偶然发生什么事,一般用afraid of +-ing。)
I don’t like to drive fast because I’m afraid of crashing. 我不爱开快车,因为怕撞车。
In other cases we can use afraid of +-ing or afraid +infinitive with no differenceof meaning.(其他情况下,既可以afraid of +-ing,也可以用afraid +动词不定式,意思并无不同。)
I’m not afraid of telling / to tell her the truth. 我不怕把真实情况告诉他。
(2)【日】田中茂范等编《外研社英汉多功能词典》(杨文江等编译 外语教学与研究出版社 2008年7月第1版)p39:表示不受害怕主语意志控制的不测事态时,用of doing,其他情况用 to do和 of doing均可。但是表示“害怕某结果而不敢做……“时主要用to do。
(3) 葛传规编著《英语惯用法词典》(新修订本)(时代出版社 1958年9月初版)p29-30:
“afraid”后面接infinitive作“怕……”或“不敢……”解;“afraid”后接“of”和 gerund通常做“恐怕将……”解,但也往往作“怕……”或“不敢……”解。如“afraid to die”是“怕死”或“不敢死”;“afraid of dying”通常是“恐怕将死”,但也往往作“怕死”或“不敢死”。
“afraid to see him”是“怕见他”或“不敢见他”; “afraid of seeing him”通常是“(不要见他而)恐怕不免见他”,但也往往作“怕见他”或“不敢见他”解。假定你很怕伤风,该说“afraid to catch cold” 或“afraid of catching cold”;假定你衣服穿的少,恐怕要伤风,该说“afraid of catching cold”。
(4) A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet着A PracticalEnglish Grammar (第四版) (外语教学与研究出版社 1991年2月第1版)p238:
be afraid of + gerund
Here the gerund usually expresses an aqction which the subject fears may happen. It is normally an involuntary action(这里动名词常常表示主语担心发生的事情。这些常常是无意让发生的事情):
She avoids lonely streets. She is afraid of being mugged. 她避免在没人的马路行走。她怕遭抢劫。
be afraid +infinitive means that the subject is / was etc. too frightened to perform the action. This is obviously a deliberate action(被afraid+不定式表示主语非常害怕,以至不敢采取某一行动。这些通常是有意让发生的动作):
He was afraid to jump. 他不敢跳。(他没跳。)
(5) 陆谷孙主编《英汉大词典》(第2版) (上海译文出版社2007年3月第1版)p33:
(afraid)后接“of+动名词”结构一般只表示“怕做某事”的意思;如后动词接不定式则侧重表示“因为担心后果严重而不敢也不愿做某事”。如He is not afraid of dying.和 He is afraid to die.两句,虽都可译作“他不怕死。”但前者只是说出一个事实,后者则包含诸如“他心甘情愿地去赴死”之类更近一层的意思;又如She was afraid of waking her husband. 和She was afraid to wake her husband.两句,虽都可译作“她生怕把丈夫弄醒了”,后一句又包含“考虑到可能招惹丈夫发怒的后果而不敢弄醒”之类的意思。