GRE杨鹏难句130句详解（11）
2012-07-12来源:和谐英语
106、but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. （4）
但是，最近在所有这三类动物身上，对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱这样一种企图，即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。而所谓的趋同进化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相关的生物群体之间，作为对类似的环境压力作出的反应，彼此独立的发展形成某些相同特征。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：读者大概也看出来了，本句的最大特点就是长，复杂修饰的长主语，复杂修饰的长宾语，中间以谓语undermines相连。修饰attempt的不定式中的to explain away something as…意思是把某件事情当作后面的东西解释掉。本句在文中起到了一个极为重要的作用，后面有一道题专门对本句提问。现场这种句子能否顺利看懂，会对考生考试的分数起到直接影响。
意群训练：but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.
107、human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. （5）
人类基因所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大脑的哪个半脑都无法做到，更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。
难句类型：倒装、省略
解释：本句在固定搭配too little information even to specify之后，是一个大型倒装，正常的语序应该是:
human genes contain too little information even to specify that each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
固定搭配too..to是太怎么样以至不能如何的意思，其后的specify后面的内容实际上是一个宾语从句。文章的作者把从句中的宾语提到主语和谓语之前，并省略引导词that，使得句子非常难以读懂。最后的let alone的意思是表示递进的“更不要说，何况”。
意群训练：human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
108、for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5）
对于一个从事女权主义文学评论的妇女来说，主观性还是客观性，或者说评论家应该做艺术家还是作科学家的争论有着特殊的重要性；对她来说，此问题不仅仅是学术上的，而且还是政治上的，并且她所给出的定义，不管有利于问题的哪一方面，都会招致特殊的风险。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、省略、抽象词、易淆指代
解释：首先解释一下几个词汇：versus:在这里不是前面的against的意思，它和后面的or都是“是….还是…”的意思，其英文释义为：in contrast to or as the alternative of free trade versus pretection 。court:招致（风险、失败），英文释义：to act as to invite or provoke (courts disaster)。
分号前面的句子的主语被插入语”or critic-as-artist-or-scientist”分开，正常情况下应该是the subjectivity versus objectivity debate。这种名词修饰名词的情况在gre和gmat考试中是常见的，如前面讲过的句子中出现的mind-body problem。
最后的条件状语从句whichever side of the issue it favors看上去不难，但却不好理解，首先是whichever被提前的表示方法，相当于no matter it favors which side of the issue 的倒装，no matter被省略，which提前并改成了whichever，后面的side of the issue也被提前到主谓it favors之前，issue在此之前面的主要问题，即主观性还是客观性的问题，而it前面的名词太多，一下子不好辨别，其实就是指本句的主语her definition。
意群训练：for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.
109、if she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.ㄗ4ㄘ梁如她叁踬权主义文悝评蹦隅义为谛夤腔睿褪悝性腔””一跺衄效腔、褫证妗腔、烩性腔、无蹦咸踬饮褫以使用腔源杨””饶系ㄛ这跺隅义祥躺蔚龉拨裁蚕评模作为眙术模腔源杨ㄛ奥且褫夔颇郯鬼饶些寻求蜊曹悝术赐腔现状腔挚其思维ㄛ特梗是衄寿性梗褒伎腔思维腔人蝇腔妗用主义腔政笥醴梓腔伧憩”
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：这句话在原文中紧接着上例的难句，句中的插入语虽然长，但是并不打断正常的语义，因此不算难懂；但是but also之后的分句中的宾语accomplishment的修饰成分实在太复杂，而且充斥着各色的极端抽象的词汇，没有一定的词汇功底，这句话的意思是不容易看懂的。
砩群救褶ㄩif she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.
110、these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. （5+）
这些问题之所以带有政治性质，因为不可避免地，围绕这些问题展开的争论与其说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索，倒不如说是一种学术上的权力斗争。在此斗争中，许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头，与她们相伴随的是对人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇，这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词
解释：相信有不少同学在阅读现场看到这个长达10行，不算标点就有81个单词的庞然大句的时候，不禁心为之颤、色为之变、气为之短、胆为之寒。曾经有人把gre戏称为god read english，我们果然在这个句子中看到了“天书”的风采。
经笔者认真的统计，本句是一切英语考试中所出现的最长的句子。而值得一提的是，笔者自己当初在模考中读到此处时，却根本没有感觉到这个句子的长短，只是在模考结束以后回头看文章的时候，才发觉这个文章中的第三段整个就是一句话。其原因在于笔者当时已经对gre考试中出现的阅读难句做过认真的、系统的训练，而经过难句训练的人在读文章的时候、既不看句子的长短，也不想句子的结构，只看句子的意思。其道理在于，他读过太多遍的长句子，以至于对句子的长度早已麻木，而且也太熟悉这些句子的语法结构，不用想就知道这些结构所表达的含义，这才是我们训练难句的最终目的。
本句的主句极短，难就难在从in the sense that开始到整句话结束为止的状语上。that引导的从句作sense的同位语，从句中的主架构还是前面曾经讲过的less…than…的结构，译成“与其说是…还不如说是”and后面是一个独立的介词结构，作者用它来强调女评论家的重要性。可以理解成作者在with them are the chances.中省略了系动词are.
意群训练：these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
但是，最近在所有这三类动物身上，对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱这样一种企图，即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。而所谓的趋同进化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相关的生物群体之间，作为对类似的环境压力作出的反应，彼此独立的发展形成某些相同特征。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：读者大概也看出来了，本句的最大特点就是长，复杂修饰的长主语，复杂修饰的长宾语，中间以谓语undermines相连。修饰attempt的不定式中的to explain away something as…意思是把某件事情当作后面的东西解释掉。本句在文中起到了一个极为重要的作用，后面有一道题专门对本句提问。现场这种句子能否顺利看懂，会对考生考试的分数起到直接影响。
意群训练：but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.
107、human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. （5）
人类基因所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大脑的哪个半脑都无法做到，更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。
难句类型：倒装、省略
解释：本句在固定搭配too little information even to specify之后，是一个大型倒装，正常的语序应该是:
human genes contain too little information even to specify that each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
固定搭配too..to是太怎么样以至不能如何的意思，其后的specify后面的内容实际上是一个宾语从句。文章的作者把从句中的宾语提到主语和谓语之前，并省略引导词that，使得句子非常难以读懂。最后的let alone的意思是表示递进的“更不要说，何况”。
意群训练：human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
108、for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5）
对于一个从事女权主义文学评论的妇女来说，主观性还是客观性，或者说评论家应该做艺术家还是作科学家的争论有着特殊的重要性；对她来说，此问题不仅仅是学术上的，而且还是政治上的，并且她所给出的定义，不管有利于问题的哪一方面，都会招致特殊的风险。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、省略、抽象词、易淆指代
解释：首先解释一下几个词汇：versus:在这里不是前面的against的意思，它和后面的or都是“是….还是…”的意思，其英文释义为：in contrast to or as the alternative of free trade versus pretection 。court:招致（风险、失败），英文释义：to act as to invite or provoke (courts disaster)。
分号前面的句子的主语被插入语”or critic-as-artist-or-scientist”分开，正常情况下应该是the subjectivity versus objectivity debate。这种名词修饰名词的情况在gre和gmat考试中是常见的，如前面讲过的句子中出现的mind-body problem。
最后的条件状语从句whichever side of the issue it favors看上去不难，但却不好理解，首先是whichever被提前的表示方法，相当于no matter it favors which side of the issue 的倒装，no matter被省略，which提前并改成了whichever，后面的side of the issue也被提前到主谓it favors之前，issue在此之前面的主要问题，即主观性还是客观性的问题，而it前面的名词太多，一下子不好辨别，其实就是指本句的主语her definition。
意群训练：for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.
109、if she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.ㄗ4ㄘ梁如她叁踬权主义文悝评蹦隅义为谛夤腔睿褪悝性腔””一跺衄效腔、褫证妗腔、烩性腔、无蹦咸踬饮褫以使用腔源杨””饶系ㄛ这跺隅义祥躺蔚龉拨裁蚕评模作为眙术模腔源杨ㄛ奥且褫夔颇郯鬼饶些寻求蜊曹悝术赐腔现状腔挚其思维ㄛ特梗是衄寿性梗褒伎腔思维腔人蝇腔妗用主义腔政笥醴梓腔伧憩”
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：这句话在原文中紧接着上例的难句，句中的插入语虽然长，但是并不打断正常的语义，因此不算难懂；但是but also之后的分句中的宾语accomplishment的修饰成分实在太复杂，而且充斥着各色的极端抽象的词汇，没有一定的词汇功底，这句话的意思是不容易看懂的。
砩群救褶ㄩif she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.
110、these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. （5+）
这些问题之所以带有政治性质，因为不可避免地，围绕这些问题展开的争论与其说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索，倒不如说是一种学术上的权力斗争。在此斗争中，许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头，与她们相伴随的是对人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇，这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词
解释：相信有不少同学在阅读现场看到这个长达10行，不算标点就有81个单词的庞然大句的时候，不禁心为之颤、色为之变、气为之短、胆为之寒。曾经有人把gre戏称为god read english，我们果然在这个句子中看到了“天书”的风采。
经笔者认真的统计，本句是一切英语考试中所出现的最长的句子。而值得一提的是，笔者自己当初在模考中读到此处时，却根本没有感觉到这个句子的长短，只是在模考结束以后回头看文章的时候，才发觉这个文章中的第三段整个就是一句话。其原因在于笔者当时已经对gre考试中出现的阅读难句做过认真的、系统的训练，而经过难句训练的人在读文章的时候、既不看句子的长短，也不想句子的结构，只看句子的意思。其道理在于，他读过太多遍的长句子，以至于对句子的长度早已麻木，而且也太熟悉这些句子的语法结构，不用想就知道这些结构所表达的含义，这才是我们训练难句的最终目的。
本句的主句极短，难就难在从in the sense that开始到整句话结束为止的状语上。that引导的从句作sense的同位语，从句中的主架构还是前面曾经讲过的less…than…的结构，译成“与其说是…还不如说是”and后面是一个独立的介词结构，作者用它来强调女评论家的重要性。可以理解成作者在with them are the chances.中省略了系动词are.
意群训练：these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
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