托福考试之写作复习指导:思路篇

　　6． Social Security
　　For：
　　1． the state should help the poor, aged, unemployed, and sick
　　2． the state should provide good health care for its citizens
　　3． the strong must help the weak
　　4． Social Darwinism is outdated
　　5． there will always be social misfits that need help
　　6． all religions stress charity
　　7． all advanced countries have some form of social security
　　Against ：
　　1． it costs too much
　　2． it encourages laziness and destroys the work ethic
　　3． it does not work efficiently
　　4． people should look after themselves
　　5． it results in heavy taxes
　　6． Social Darwinism tells us that life is the "survival of the fittest"
　　7． there are no freebies in life

　　7．Coeducation
　　For ：
　　1． it is natural (i.e., adult society is not segregated )
　　2． it gives men and women a chance to better understand one another
　　3． it gives men and women a chance to compete with one another
　　4． it is the modern trend
　　5． it has many practical advantages (e.g., school plays, music groups)
　　6． it produces well-adjusted adults
　　7． most parents prefer coeducation.
　　8． separate schools foster sexual rivalry
　　9． women become neurotic in all-women' s schools
　　Against ：
　　1． women do better academically in their own colleges
　　2． women are in college to get an education, not a husband
　　3． women have their own values to develop
　　4． it can lead to intimacy and promiscuity
　　5． it is still rare in some countries
　　6． it is opposed by some parents
　　7． it robs women of their self-confidence
　　8． separate schools have existed for centuries
　　9． marry great men and women attended separate schools

　　8． Corporal Punishment
　　For ：
　　1． children are not adults
　　2． children respect discipline
　　3． it is a check on excessive permissiveness
　　4． it does no permanent damage because children are hardy creatures
　　5． it is opposed only by mixed-up psychologists
　　6． it is a form of training
　　7． it builds real character
　　8． it reinforces the authority of teachers and parents
　　9． it works to control juvenile delinquency
　　10. there is the saying: Spare the rod and spoil the child
　　Against ：
　　1． it is barbarous
　　2． Freud said it is wrong
　　3． love is better than physical punishment
　　4． it can cause psychological problems
　　5． it is not necessary if children are raised correctly
　　6． it is an emotional, irrational response
　　7． it can result in a lawsuit
　　8． beatings have been known to result in death
　　9． there is the saying : Violence begets violence

　　9．Organ Transplants
　　For ：
　　1． they prolong life
　　2． they are supported by the medical profession
　　3． they enhance medical science
　　4． they are a challenge to surgeons
　　5． critically ill people want transplants in order to live
　　6． costs will come down as the surgery becomes routine
　　7． there is no "time" to die
　　8． death is defined as brain death
　　9． the drugs cyclosporine and FK-506 have helped eliminate the problem of rejection
　　Against ：
　　1． they are too expensive
　　2． they favor the rich
　　3． they encourage the poor in Third World countries to sell their organs
　　4． they are unnatural as seen by the body' s rejection
　　5． they are often unsuccessful
　　6． the idea is sinister
　　7． Nature has decided when we should die
　　8． the process of deciding who gets the next available organ is unfair
　　9． there is as yet no agreement on what constitutes death (brain -dead versus heart-dead)

　　10．Civil Disobedience
　　For ：
　　1． it draws attention to unjust of unconstitutional laws
　　2． it is a matter of religious or moral convictions
　　3． it is the only way to fight oppression
　　4． it is usually nonviolent
　　5． it is used only in extreme circumstances
　　6． it goes back to the time of Jesus Christ
　　7． it is common, like cheating on taxes and illegal parking