大学英语四级模拟试题（九）

6.　which　of　the　following　is　the　main　topic　of　this　passage?　分析与解答
a.the　increase　of　world　population.　
b.　the　improvement　of　urban　living　conditions.　
c.　the　migrants　from　the　countryside　and　their　unemployment.　
d.the　expansion　of　cities　and　its　consequences.　　

7.　the　author　uses　tokyo　as　an　example　mainly　to　show　that　.　分析与解答
a.the　biggest　cities　will　still　be　in　first　world　countries　
b.　its　development　speed　will　be　greater　than　that　of　london　
c.　most　of　the　biggest　cities　will　be　in　the　third　world　countries　
d.japanese　will　keep　control　of　the　growth　of　big　cities　such　as　tokyo　　

8.　which　of　the　following　is　not　true　according　to　the　passage?　分析与解答
a.over　half　of　the　world's　population　will　move　to　cities　by　2000.　
b.　the　order　of　the　world's　biggest　cities　will　be　changed　fundamentally　by　the　year　2000.　
c.　the　world　population　will　reach　about　6,000　million　by　2000.　
d.the　poor　countries　will　suffer　more　from　the　expansion　of　cities　by　2000.　　

9.　according　to　the　last　paragraph,　all　of　the　following　are　true　except　that　.　分析与解答
a.development　of　modern　technology　will　reduce　the　use　of　manpower　
b.　urban　planers　will　have　no　past　experiences　to　borrow　
c.　the　growth　of　urban　population　is　faster　than　that　of　cities　
d.the　improvement　of　urban　living　conditions　is　to　attract　more　migrants　from　the　countryside　　 10.　the　expression　“put　a　premium　on"　in　paragraph　3　can　best　be　replaced　by　.　分析与解答
a.are　in　need　of　
b.　devote　much　attention　to　
c.　have　no　lack　of　
d.think　little　of　

passage　3

　　　for　some　time　past　it　has　been　widely　accepted　that　babies—and　other　creatures—learn　to　do　things　because　certain　acts　lead　to　“rewards";　and　there　is　no　reason　to　doubt　that　this　is　true.　but　it　used　also　to　be　widely　believed　that　effective　rewards,　at　least　in　the　early　stages,　had　to　be　directly　related　to　such　basic　physiological　“drives"　as　thirst　or　hunger.　in　other　words,　a　baby　would　learn　if　he　got　food　or　drink,　some　sort　of　physical　comfort,　not　otherwise.

　　　it　is　now　clear　that　this　is　not　so.　babies　will　learn　to　behave　in　ways　that　produce　results　in　the　world　with　no　reward　except　the　successful　outcome.

　　　papousek　began　his　studies　by　using　milk　in　the　normal　way　to　“reward"　the　babies　and　so　teach　them　to　carry　out　some　simple　movements,　such　as　turning　the　head　to　one　side　or　the　other.　then　he　noticed　that　a　baby　who　had　had　enough　to　drink　would　refuse　the　milk　but　would　still　go　on　making　the　learned　response　with　clear　signs　of　pleasure.　so　he　began　to　study　the　children's　response　in　situation　where　no　milk　was　provided.he　quickly　found　that　children　as　young　as　four　months　would　learn　to　turn　their　heads　to　right　or　left　if　the　movement　“switched　on"　a　display　of　lights　-　and　indeed　that　they　were　capable　of　learning　quite　complex　turns　to　bring　about　this　result,　for　instance,　two　left　or　two　right,　or　even　to　make　as　many　as　three　turns　to　one　side.

　　　papousek's　light　display　was　placed　directly　in　front　of　the　babies　and　he　made　the　interesting　observation　that　sometimes　they　would　turn　back　to　watch　the　lights　closely　although　they　would　“smile　and　bubble"　when　the　display　came　on.　papousek　concluded　that　it　was　not　primarily　the　sight　of　the　lights　that　pleased　them,　it　was　the　success　they　were　achieving　in　solving　the　problem,　in　mastering　the　skill,　and　that　there　exists　a　fundamental　human　urge　to　make　sense　of　the　world　and　bring　it　under　intentional　control.　　

11.　according　to　the　author,　babies　learn　to　do　things　which　.　分析与解答
a.are　directly　related　to　pleasure
b.　will　meet　their　physical　needs　
c.　will　bring　them　a　feeling　of　success
d.will　satisfy　their　curiosity　　

12.　papousek　noticed　in　his　studies　that　a　baby　.　分析与解答
a.would　make　learned　response　when　it　saw　the　milk　
b.　would　carry　out　learned　movements　when　it　had　enough　to　drink　
c.　would　continue　the　simple　movements　without　being　given　milk　
d.would　turn　its　head　to　right　or　left　when　it　had　enough　to　drinkf.　　

13.　in　papousek's　experiment　babies　make　learned　movements　of　the　head　in　order　to　.　分析与解答
a.have　the　lights　turned　on
b.　be　rewarded　with　milk　
c.　please　their　parents
d.be　praised　　

14.　the　babies　would　“smile　and　bubble"　at　the　lights　because　.　分析与解答
a.the　lights　were　directly　related　to　some　basic　“drives"
b.　the　sight　of　the　lights　was　interesting　
c.　they　need　not　turn　back　to　watch　the　lights　
d.they　succeeded　in　“switching　on"　the　lights　　

15.　according　to　papousek,　the　pleasure　babies　get　in　achieving　something　is　a　reflection　of　.分析与解答
a.a　basic　human　desire　to　understand　and　control　the　world　
b.　the　satisfaction　of　certain　physiological　needs　
c.　their　strong　desire　to　solve　complex　problems　
d.a　fundamental　human　urge　to　display　their　learned　skills

passage　4

　　　in　recent　years　many　countries　of　the　world　have　been　faced　with　the　problem　of　how　to　make　their　workers　more　productive.　some　experts　claim　the　answer　is　to　make　jobs　more　varied.but　do　more　varied　jobs　lead　to　greater　productivity?　there　is　evidence　to　suggest　that　while　variety　certainly　makes　the　workers'　life　more　enjoyable,　it　does　not　actually　make　him　work　harder.　as　far　as　increasing　productivity　is　concerned,　the　variety　is　not　an　important　factor.　

　　other　experts　feel　that　giving　the　worker　freedom　to　do　his　job　in　his　own　way　is　important　and　there　is　no　doubt　that　this　is　true.　the　problem　is　that　this　kind　of　freedom　cannot　easily　be　given　in　the　modern　factory　with　its　complicated　machinery　which　must　be　used　in　a　fixed　way.　thus　while　freedom　of　choice　may　be　important,　there　is　usually　very　little　that　can　be　done　to　create　it.　another　important　consideration　is　how　much　each　worker　contributes　to　the　product　he　is　making.　in　most　factories　the　worker　sees　only　one　small　part　of　the　product.　some　car　factories　are　now　experimenting　with　having　many　small　production　lines　rather　than　one　large　one,　so　that　each　worker　contributes　more　to　the　production　of　the　cars　on　his　line.　it　would　seem　that　not　only　is　the　degree　of　workers'　contribution　an　important　factor,　therefore,　but　it　is　also　one　we　can　do　something　about.

　　　to　what　extent　more　money　led　to　greater　productivity?　the　workers　themselves　certainly　think　this　is　important.　but　perhaps　they　want　more　money　only　because　the　work　they　do　is　so　boring.　money　just　lets　them　enjoy　their　spare　time　more.　a　similar　argument　may　explain　demands　for　shorter　working　hours.　perhaps　if　we　succeed　in　making　their　jobs　more　interesting,　they　will　neither　want　more　money,　nor　will　shorter　working　hours　be　so　important　to　them.