大学英语自学教程 上册 un10

[08:19.59]Problems arise in a variety of ways.
[08:21.66]问题出现的方式有多种多样.
[08:23.72]Sometimes they grow out of a chance observation.
[08:26.38]有时它们会从偶然的观察中得来.
[08:29.05]They may result from reading,
[08:30.79]有时会产生于阅读,
[08:32.52]from laboratory experimentsor simply from thinking.
[08:35.20]实验,或仅仅是思考.
[08:37.88]They also may result from new developments
[08:40.20]问题也可能自于新的开发领域
[08:42.53]or from new or different human needs.
[08:44.64]或者人类新的不同的需求.
[08:46.76]Today, for example,
[08:48.38]例如,在现代社会,
[08:50.00]problems are arising from new discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics,
[08:53.47]问题多产生于核物理,
[08:56.95]biological engineering and micro electronics.
[08:59.62]生物工程和微电子领域的新发现.
[09:02.30]The development of industry
[09:04.08]工业的发展
[09:05.85]has also brought about large numbersof problems which have to be solved.
[09:08.88]也带来了大量的急需解决的问题.
[09:11.92]Collecting Information
[09:13.53]搜集信息
[09:15.15]Next, the scientist tries to learn as much as possible about it.
[09:18.33]其次,科学家就尽可能多地了解问题.
[09:21.50]Often this means going to the library
[09:23.98]通常是去图书馆
[09:26.47] and studying bookswhich contain accounts of man' s experience
[09:29.20]研究有关阐述这个问题的经验n
[09:31.92]and knowledge of the problem.
[09:33.61]和知识的书籍./
[09:35.29]This is called searching the literature.
[09:37.37]这个过程被称为查阅文献.
[09:39.45]The scientist may find that others have already solved all
[09:42.18]科学家可能会发现别人已经全部
[09:44.91]or a part of the problem.
[09:46.79]或部分地解决了这个问题.
[09:48.67]Occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions
[09:51.54]偶尔他会发现和此问题
[09:54.42]which give clues for solving the new one.
[09:56.45]密切关系的另一些问题的答案,而这些答案正提供了解决新问题的线索.
[09:58.49]In his search the scientist accumulates much background information.
[10:01.67]科学家在查阅文献中积累了丰富的背景材料.
[10:04.84]With these new ideas and facts
[10:07.11]凭借这些新观点和事实,
[10:09.38]he builds a firm foundationfor solving the problem.
[10:11.87]他就打下了解决问题的坚实基础.
[10:14.35]Organizing the Information
[10:16.12]组织信息
[10:17.90]After the scientist has finished this part of his work
[10:20.72]在科学家完成了收集信息的工作后,
[10:23.54]he will probably take the many facts which he has collected
[10:26.34]他将把收集所得
[10:29.13]and organize them into some kind of system.
[10:31.50]组织成一个系统.
[10:33.86]This may be a logical classification
[10:35.93]这可能是逻辑分类,
[10:37.99]or it may be a mathematical analysis
[10:40.12]也可能是数学分析.
[10:42.25]Usually the analysis will show unanswered questions.
[10:44.88]一般这样的分析会暴露一些未解决的问题.
[10:47.52]Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.
[10:50.40]有时还会联想出一些需要进一步研究的领域.
[10:53.27]Perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis
[10:55.79]这种分析的最重要成果之一
[10:58.31]is that it indicates certain truths,
[11:00.49]是它会提示某些真理,
[11:02.67]which generally are called inferences.
[11:04.71]这通常称为推论.
[11:06.75]Making a Hypothesis
[11:08.47]提出假说
[11:10.20]In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis.
[11:13.62]在推论的过程中,科学家建立了假说.
[11:17.04]A hypothesis is only a "best" guess.
[11:19.26]假说只不过是一个"最佳"猜测.
[11:21.48]It must next be tested.
[11:23.26]它必须进一步被验证.
[11:25.04]If it is correct, then certain things should follow.
[11:27.56]如果它是正确的,那么某些事情就会随之而来.
[11:30.08]This means if a particular experiment is carried out,
[11:32.61]也就是说,如果进行了一个特定的实验,
[11:35.14]certain observations ought to be possible
[11:37.57]就有可能观察到某些现象,
[11:40.00]or it should be possible to make certain predictions.
[11:42.48]或者做出某些预测.
[11:44.97]Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected
[11:47.91]如果观察结果或预测出现的情况愉如所料,
[11:50.84]the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis
[11:54.37]科学家就有更多的信心,认为他的假说是正确的.
[11:57.90]If,however,observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable
[12:01.68]不过,如果观察不到任何现象或预测不可靠,
[12:05.47]then the hypothesis will probably be given up or at least modified.
[12:09.05]那么假说就可能被放弃,或至少被修正.
[12:12.63]The Experiment
[12:14.05]做实验
[12:15.48]The hypothesis must check with the facts.
[12:17.76]必须用事实对假说进行检验.
[12:20.05]Scientific facts are usually established by work in the laboratory.
[12:23.13]科学事实通常由实验室的工作予以确立.
[12:26.21]Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.
[12:29.49]实验须在严格控制的条件下进行.
[12:32.77] Thorough and accurate records must be kept.
[12:35.34]必须全面,精确地记录实验结果.
[12:37.92]In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used.
[12:41.39]在做某些种类的科学实验中,要用到变量.
[12:44.87]A variable is something
[12:46.48]变量指
[12:48.10]which has different values under different conditions.
[12:50.64]在不同条件下有不同数值的东西.
[12:53.17]In one type of laboratory test
[12:55.35]在做某种实验时,
[12:57.53]all the variables but one are controlled.
[12:59.91]除一种变量之外,所有其它变量都要控制,
[13:02.29]This method of testing is called controlled experimentation.
[13:05.52]这种实验方法叫做对照实验.