动名词和现在分词：两种不同概念的非谓语动词

二、现在分词（短语）作状语

现在分词（短语）作状语。在一个复合句中，当主句的主语跟从句的主语完全一致时，为了表达简练，我们可以把从句转换为分词短语形式，用以代替原来的从句。所以，现在分词（短语）可以表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果、让步等。反过来，它又可以转换成相应的状语从句或并列句。

1. 作时间状语

此时相当于when ,while或after等引导的时间状语从句。如:

Wandering in the street, she met an old friend of hers. = When she was wandering in the street, she met an old friend of hers.

Having finished their work, they had a rest. = After they had finished their work, they had a rest.

2. 作原因状语

此时相当于because, since和as等引导的原因状语从句。如:

Not knowing English, he couldn’t understand the film. = Because he didn’t know English, he couldn’t understand the film.

Having taught in the school for many years, she knows her workmates very well. = Since she has taught in the school for many years, she knows her workmates very well.

3. 作方式或伴随状语

作方式或伴随状语时，一般不能转化为状语从句，但可以转化成并列句。如:

My wife sat in the sofa, reading a magazine. = My wife sat in the sofa and read a magazine.

The boy came in, following his father. = The boy followed his father and came in.

4. 作条件状语

此时相当于if等引导的条件状语从句。如:

Turning to the right, you will find a hospital. = If you turn to the right, you will find a hospital.

Going there by plane, you will arrive this night. = If you go there by plane, you will arrive this night.

5. 作结果状语

此时相当于so that引导的结果状语从句。如:

He didn’t pass the exam, making his parents quite disappointed. = He didn’t pass the exam so that it made his parents quite disappointed.

6. 作让步状语

此时相当于though/although，even if等引导的让步状语从句。如:

Weighing 50 kilograms, the box was carried away by him. = Though the box weighed 50 kilograms, it was carried away by him.

Admitting what he said, I still think that he hasn’t tried his best. = Although I admit what he said, I still think that he hasn’t tried his best.