since所连用的时态、后续词及翻译等问题
since所连用的时态、后续词及翻译等问题
1. 关于时态:不管用作介词、连词还是副词,句子(主句)谓语通常都与现在完成时连用。如:
He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来,他就一直住在这儿。
He left home two weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him
since. 他两周前离开了家,到现在我们一直没有他的消息。
Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?
注:有时可用其它时态的情况,但须注意:
(1) 有时(特别是在口语中)可用过去时,但很不普通。建议初学者不要模仿。如:
Since leaving home, he wrote to his parents just once. 离开家之后,他只给他父母写过一封信。
(2) 对于某些表示状态(如 seem 等)的动词,或因语义等方面的原因,有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适。如:
It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。
Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 从什么什候开始42元加5元的服务费等于48元了?
(3) 若不是指从过去持续到现在,而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去,则用过去完成时。比较:
He hasn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 自星期二以来他一直未吃东西。(指从星期二至现在未吃东西)
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything sinceTuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)
(4) 表示时间长度时,通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如:
It’s ten years since he left here. 他离开这儿已10年了。
How long is it since you arrived? 你到来多久了?
2. 关于后续词:用作介词,其后除可接名词代词外,有时可接介词短语。比较:
He had been there since her death. 自从她死以来他就一直在那儿。
He had been there since before her death. 自从她死以前他就一直在那儿。
有时可接 then, when。如:
He’s been ill since then. 自那以来他一直病着。
Since when have you lived here? 从什么时候开始你就住在这里了?
像一般介词一样,其后也可接动名词( 注意动名词的逻辑主语应是句子主语)。比较:
自上次写信以来我已收到她三封来信。
正:I’ve had three letters from her since I wrote last.
正:I’ve had three letters from her since writing last.
3. 关于翻译:用作连词,它所引导从句的谓语通常应是非延续性动词,但有时也可以是延续性动词或状态动词,不过此时应注意:若为延续性动词或状态动词,那么它所表示的通常是动作或状态的完成或结束(而不是其开始)。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he lived in Beijing.
正译:自从他离开北京以来,我一直未收到他的信。
误译:自从他住在北京以来,我一直未收到他的信。
He has never come to see me since I was ill.
正译:自我病愈以来他还没来看过我。
误译:自我生病以来他还没来看过我。
若要表示从句中的动作或状态延续至今,就应该用持续性动词的现在完成时,而不是用一般过去时。如:
I haven’t had a good meal (ever) since I’ve been here. 我自从来到这里后还没吃过一顿好的。
注:两种例外的情况:
(1) 有个别句型(主要是……since I was a child 等),从句即使用了状态动词的一般过去时,它也指状态一直持续到现在。如:
I have wanted to visit Disney World since I was a child. 自孩提时代起我就想去看看迪斯尼乐园。
(2) 有个别句型(主要是 it’s some time since……等),从句即使用了持续性动词的现在完成时,它也指动作的结束( 但从句不能用否定式)。如:
It’s a long time since I (have) studied English. 我很久没学英语了。
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