《英语常用词汇辨析手册》精彩片段
already, yet, still
already通常用于肯定句,意思是“已经”;yet一般用于疑问句和否定句,意思是“已经,还” 。如:
I have seen the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。
Have you seen the film yet? 你已经看这部电影了吗?
He hasn’t come yet. 他还没来。
但要注意以下几点:
1)already有时用于疑问句,表示期待一个肯定回答或表示惊奇。如:
—Have you seen the film already? 你已经看过这部电影了吗?
—Yes, I have. 是的,我已看过了。
2)already一般用在完成时的句子里。有时也可用于过去时的句子里,但要求动词是延续性的。
He has already seen the film. 她已经看了这个电影。
He already knew about it. 关于此事,他那时就知道了。(know是延续性动词)
3)already不能用在否定的陈述句中,但可用在肯定或否定的由if引导的条件从句中。如:
If he hasn’t seen the film already, he may get the ticket. 如果他从未看过这部电影,他可以得到这张票。
still则表示某事或某种状态持续得比预期的要长,而感到惊讶,主要用于否定句中。如:
I have still not heard the story. 那个故事我还没有听过。
still和(not)yet常用来形成对比。如:
He’s still busy; he has not finished his work yet. 他虽然很忙,但还没有做完工作。
在将来时态中,yet有“迟早”的意思,still则表示表“仍然”。如:
He will still win. 他仍然会取胜。(他以前曾经胜过)
He will win yet. 他迟早会取胜的。(虽然他以前不曾取胜)
also, too, either, as well
四者都可作副词用,意思都是“也”,但用法不同。also的位置放在行为动词之前,系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。如:
She also went to the theatre. 她也去看戏了。
She was also wrong. 她也错了。
She can also do it. 她也能做那件事。
但too常用于句末,前面可用逗号,也可不用。如:
He is a worker, too.(=He is a worker too.)还可以说:He, too, is a worker. 他是一位工人。
too用于形容词或副词之前,意为“太,过于”。如:
The scenery is too beautiful for words. 风景美得无法言传。
He drives too fast. 他开车太快了。
also, too一般用于肯定句中,但too有时可用于否定句中,且必须放在否定词前。如:
I didn’t know him and she too didn’t know him. 我不认识他,她也不认识他。
either只用于否定句中,必须放在句末。如:
You didn’t go there. I didn’t go there, either.(=Neither did I.)你没去那儿,我也没去。
as well等于too,但总是位于句末。如:
I’m going to
I bought a book as well.(=too, also)我也买了一本书。
但是下面句子中的also不能直接用too, as well替代。
I also bought a book. =I, too, bought a book.
although, though, as
although和though用法基本相同,作连词常可以通用。
though常用于口语和非正式文体中,在句中位置较灵活;而although大多出现在正式文体中,语气较though强烈,常用于句首。如:
Though he is weak, he works just as hard as others. 他虽然体弱,但工作得和其他人一样努力。
The enemy, though strong, does not have enough soldiers. 敌人虽强,但兵力不足。
Although I haven’t much ability, I have a good neighbor to rely on. 我能力虽不强,但有个好邻居可依靠。
though可以作副词,放句末;although则不能,在even though, as though等短语中的though不可改作although。 如:
He didn’t tell me what he had done, but I knew it though. 他没有告诉我他干了些什么,可是我还是知道了。
That wasn’t all, though. 还不仅仅是这样呢。
He acted as though he were mad. 他表现得象疯了似的。
as和though可引导发生倒装的让步状语从句,将作表语的形容词、名词等提前,此时不能用although。 如:
Difficult as/though the task may be, there is great hope. 事情尽管困难,却大有希望。
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽是个孩子,但他知道很多。
汉语中“虽然……但是(然而)……”常用在一个句子中,但英语的though却不能和but连用,因为though是从属连词,but是并列连词,两者在句法上是相矛盾的;如果强调对比,可用yet或still。如:
Though the factory is small, yet(still)its products are of good quality. 这家工厂虽小,产品质量却很好。