经济学人下载:中东的解密者 弗瑞德·韩礼德

Obituary;Fred Halliday;
讣告;弗瑞德·韩礼德;

Fred Halliday, demystifier of the Middle East, died on April 26th, aged 64
中东的解密者——弗瑞德·韩礼德，4月26日逝世，享年64岁

A crush of 500 listeners waited apprehensively as, ill and moving slowly, Fred Halliday came up to speak about Iran. The occasion, in February 2009, was the 30th anniversary of Ayatollah Khomeini's takeover. The place was the London School of Economics, where for 24 years Mr Halliday was professor of international politics, concentrating on the Middle East.
当病中的弗瑞德·韩礼德慢慢地走上讲台作关于伊朗的演讲时，等待中挤作一团的500名听众都有些担心。这是2009年二月的一天，阿亚图拉·霍梅尼掌权30周年的纪念日。地点是在伦敦经济学院——过去的24年里，韩礼德先生在这里任国际政治系的教授，他的研究专注于中东问题。

Yet for close on 90 minutes he held his audience spellbound. He told them that social conflict, not religious fervour, had provoked the Iranian revolution; that conflict persisted, and the regime was not likely to crack. He spoke with learning, humour and passion. At the end, his audience rose to applaud as for a piano virtuoso.
在近九十分钟的演讲里，听众们听得如痴如醉。他讲到，激起伊朗革命的，是社会冲突，而不是宗教狂热；这样的冲突仍在持续，而政权不像要垮台。他的演讲充满了学识、幽默和激情。演讲结束时，观众们像对待钢琴大师般齐身站起，为他鼓掌。

As an interpreter of the Middle East, Mr Halliday's talents overflowed. He spoke Arabic and Persian, as well as French, German, Spanish and Russian. He knew the history and cultures of the countries he wrote about. More than anything, he knew people. His London students, once back home in Cairo, Baghdad or Tehran, rose to high positions in government and business. His contacts were a foreign correspondent's envy, as well as a boon to the LSE's fund-raisers.
作为中东的解说人，韩礼德先生才华横溢。他会讲阿拉伯语、波斯语、法语、德语、西班牙语和俄语。他熟知他写到的国家的历史文化。更重要的是，他认识很多人。他在伦敦的学生，一旦回到开罗、巴格达或者德黑兰，都能在政界和商界位居高职。他的关系网使驻外记者们嫉妒，然而也是伦敦经济学院募捐者们的一大幸事。

His learning came not only from books but from bars and cafés. He travelled, listened and argued. He had a thesaurus of political jokes, collected over years, at the expense of Baathists, Islamists, nationalists, imperialists, Palestinians, Israelis, everyone. He could be superbly rude to peddlers of cliché and to plausible-sounding simplifiers. With a tilt of the head and an ironic smile he could give a friendly tease or a devastating “Come off it.” Students adored him.
他的学识不仅来自于书本，也来自于酒吧和咖啡馆。通过云游四海，耳听八方，舌战群儒，他有了满腹的政治笑话，其对象包括叙利亚社会党人、伊斯兰教主义者、民族主义者、帝国主义者、巴勒斯坦人、以色列人等几乎所有人。对待陈词滥调的兜售者以及似乎言之可信的简化论者，他能表现出一种精彩绝伦的粗鲁态度。带着嘲讽的微笑歪一歪脑袋，他可能友好的戏弄他们或者来一句极具杀伤力的“您就歇歇吧”。学生们都很喜欢他。

Middle Eastern studies suffered, in his view, from three faults. One was “mappism”. Behind handy diplomatic counters marked on maps “Iran”, “Iraq” or “Saudi Arabia” he saw poorly understood societies that were complex and shifting. He had no patience, secondly, with efforts, particularly in the United States, to illuminate the region from the armchair with mathematical models and theorising (“all this meta-stuff”). He thought, thirdly, that the cold war had led everyone, Middle Easterners included, to exaggerate the influence of outsiders. The region's problems, he insisted, lay in the region more than in Moscow, Washington or the colonial past. Such views are now commonplace. They were not when Mr Halliday began.
在他看来，中东问题的研究困难重重，有三方面的原因。一是“地图主义”。在作为好用的外交棋子而被标在地图上的“伊朗”、“伊拉克”或“沙特阿拉伯”的背后，他看到的是未被充分了解的复杂、多变的社会。其次，他无法忍受（尤其是在美国）在扶手椅上努力地用数学模型和理论来阐述该地区（所有这些形而上的东西）注[1]。然后是他认为冷战使得包括中东人在内的所有人夸大了局外人的影响力。他坚持认为，中东的问题更多是在自己，而不是莫斯科、华盛顿或者殖民主义的过去。这样的观点现在已经是老生常谈了，可在韩礼德先生提出来那会儿，却是新鲜的事情。

In a world of doctrines and positions, he was impossible to box. A stickler for meanings, he liked to be called not internationalist, but cosmopolitan. His mother was an Irish Catholic, his father an English Methodist-Quaker. He grew up in Ireland close to the border with the north. He was schooled in that least national of faiths, Catholicism, and tempted by the priesthood for a while. But at Oxford University he was drawn to a different universal message, that of Karl Marx. Instead of taking a fellowship, he joined the New Left Review.
在一个充满教条和立场的世界里，他很难进行驳斥。作为一个在意义上一丝不苟的人，他希望自己被称作世界主义者，而不是国际主义者。他的母亲是爱尔兰人，一个罗马天主教徒；他的父亲是英国人，一个卫理公会和贵格会教徒。他在爱尔兰靠近北部边境的地方长大。他接受的是受民族主义影响最小的天主教的信仰教育，并且曾被牧师这一行当所吸引。然而在牛津大学，他的兴趣转向了一个不同的普世理论——马克思主义。他没有领取什么学术奖金，而是加入了《新左派评论》。