经济学人下载:反其道而行 土耳其的面纱自由

International
国际

Headscarves in Turkey: Undercover
土耳其的头巾：面纱之下

The veil makes a come back.
面纱重现

As other countries move to ban Muslim head coverings, Turkey is going the opposite way.
当其他国家正执行穆斯林头巾禁令时，土耳其却反其道而行。

Women have been free to wear headscarves at state universities since 2011, and in parliament since 2013.
自2011年以来，女性可以不受限制地在公立大学戴头巾，并且从2013年开始女性可以戴头巾进入国会。

Last August policewomen were allowed to cover their heads; in November a ban on headscarves among civilian defence staff was lifted.
去年八月份允许女警察戴头巾；11月份解除了民事国防人员不得戴头巾的禁令

In 1925 Kemal Ataturk, Turkey’s first president, declared that a “civilised, international dress” was “worthy and appropriate” for the new republic.
1925年土耳其第一任总统凯末尔·阿塔图尔克宣布：“文明且与国际接轨的着装“是与新共和国”相称且恰当的“。

For men, this meant Western shoes, trousers, shirts and ties—in with the bowler and out with the fez.
这意味着男子要西装革履——废除费兹帽并改戴常礼帽。

Women were urged to follow European fashion, dance the foxtrot and work in the professions.
鼓励女子跟随欧州时尚，跳狐步舞并进入各行各业工作。

In 1934 Turkey let women vote and banned the wearing of the Islamic veil.
1934年土耳其允许妇女投票并禁止佩戴穆斯林面纱。

Curbs on religious garb were tightened in the 1990s.
二十世纪九十年代对宗教服装的限制更加严格。

Fatma Benli, a lawyer and parliamentarian, remembers being asked to remove her scarf before defending her dissertation in the late 1990s.
作为一名律师和国会议员，Fatma Benli记得九十年代末她在论文答辩前被要求除去头巾。

In 1999 an MP who came to parliament in a headscarf was booed out.
1999年一位国会议员因戴头巾进入国会而被赶了出去。

That began to change after 2002, as the Justice and Development (AK) party consolidated power.
随着正义与发展(AK)党巩固权利，自2002年后情况开始改变。

Today 21 covered women sit in parliament.
今天有21位戴头巾的女性在国会占据席位。

Critics say the AK party has promoted veiling by preferring veiled job applicants and conservative groups.
批评家说AK党通过倾向选择遮面的求职者和保守团体，从而促使妇女去戴头巾。

Binnaz Toprak, a sociologist and opposition politician, has found that some women, especially in the public sector, wear the scarf to further their careers.
社会学家和反对党政客Binnaz Toprak发现有些女性通过戴头巾以求升职，这种情况在公共部门尤其严重。

Some secularists see a link between stricter Islamic dress norms and increased violence against women.
一些世俗主义者看到在更严格的伊斯兰着装规范与对女性暴力的增加之间的联系。

In September a nurse in Istanbul was kicked in the face by a man enraged at her shorts.
九月份，在伊斯坦布尔，由于被一名护士身着短裤激怒，一名男子踢伤了这名护士。

He was quickly released, to be rearrested only after an outcry.
该男子很快就被释放，但在一片抗议声中再次入狱。

At a protest several weeks later a teenage student, Oznur, complained about a hostile climate in the district where she lives: “We can’t walk on our own in the evening without being harassed.”
在几周后的一次抗议活动中，一名青少年学生Oznur抱怨她生活地区怀有恶意的风气：“我们在晚上穿着随意出门总会被骚扰。”

She and her friends wanted neither a return to Kemalist dress codes nor their replacement by Islamic ones.
她和朋友既不希望回到基马尔式的着装规范，也不希望它被伊斯兰式的所代替。

The state, she said, has no business telling women what they should wear.
她声称这个国家无权对妇女的穿着进行干涉。