经济学人下载:美-墨-加协议(2)

Enforcement has been beefed up. Improvements to NAFTA's dispute-settlement system are
执法力度得到了加强。NAFTA的纠纷解决体系的改进

"probably the most important thing in the whole treaty", says Jesus Seade, Mexico's chief negotiator.
“可能是整个协议中最重要的部分”，墨西哥主要谈判代表施雅德表示。

Under NAFTA, countries could block the appointment of arbiters to hear awkward disputes. This should no longer be possible.
根据NAFTA，成员国可以阻止任命仲裁人员来处理棘手的争端。这将不再可能。

The shared vision of the Trump administration and Democratic lawmakers is clearest when it comes to labour standards.
当涉及劳工标准时，特朗普总统和民主党议员的共同愿景非常明确。

The aim was to make it less attractive to move jobs from America to Mexico
其目标就是通过支持墨西哥工人就业权，

than had been the case under NAFTA by supporting Mexican workers' employment rights.
将工作岗位从美国迁移至墨西哥的吸引力降至NAFTA时期以下。

But in the first version of the USMCA, the AFL-CIO complained,
但在第一版USMCA中，AFL-CIO抱怨称，

the bar for proving a breach of the rules was too high and enforcement mechanisms were too onerous.
证明违反规则的门槛太高，执行机制太过繁琐。

Critics pointed to the only labour complaint ever to make it as far as a formal dispute as part of an American trade deal:
批评人士指出了迄今为止唯一一起将其作为正式争端纳入美国贸易协定的劳工申诉：

a case against Guatemala in which arbiters agreed that the rules had been broken,
在一起针对危地马拉的案件中，仲裁人员一致认为规则已经被打破，

but not that any harm to trade or investment had been demonstrated.
但并没有对已有贸易或投资造成任何损害。

The new deal shifts the burden of proof regarding such harm. To avoid penalties, defendants will have to show that it did not happen.
新协议取消了关于这种损害的举证责任。为了避免处罚，被告必须证明没有发生。

Moreover, accusations that manufacturers are breaking Mexican laws covering freedom of association
此外，有关制造商违反墨西哥有关结社自由和集体谈判法律的指控，

and collective bargaining will be sent for speedy consideration to panels of "independent labour experts".
将迅速提交至“独立劳工专家”小组审议。

Rule-breaking will lead to penalties on exports. Overall, the revised labour provisions are good for Mexico,
违规将导致对出口的惩罚。施雅德表示，总的来说，修订后的劳工条款对墨西哥有利，

Mr Seade says, and will reinforce its government's own labour reforms.
这将加强墨西哥政府自身的劳工改革。

The revised USMCA will restrict trade a bit more than NAFTA did. It will probably not live up to the hype.
修订后的USMCA将比NAFTA更严格地限制贸易。它可能不会达到宣传的效果。

Even if greater use of collective bargaining raises Mexican wages,
即便更多的集体谈判可以提高墨西哥工资水平，

the USMCA's official impact assessment suggests that American wages would rise by just 0.27% in response.
但USMCA的官方影响评估显示，美国工资水平只会上涨0.27%。

But for Mr Trump, his Democratic foes and their neighbours in Mexico, it counts as a win.
但对特朗普、他的民主对手以及他们在墨西哥的邻居而言，这算是一场胜利。