重点中学英语语法讲义-介词

但若介词 in 出现在句首，则通常不宜省略：

In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。

在这类用法中要特别注意一些常用句型：

be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事            

be late (in) doing sth 做某事做晚了或做迟了

spend money [time] (in) doing sth 花钱(时间)做某事

waste money [time] (in) doing sth 浪费钱(时间)做某事

have luck (in) doing sth 做某事时有运气(走运)

have difficult (in) doing sth 做某事有困难

have trouble (in) doing sth做某事有困难

have bother (in) doing sth 做某事费劲

have a problem (in) doing sth做某事有困难

have a good time (in) doing sth 做某事很开心

have a hard time (in) doing sth 做某事很辛苦

find difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事发现有困难

There is no difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难

There is no use (in) doing sth 做某事没有用

There is no point (in) doing sth 做某事没有意义

五、besides, & except与but用法详解

besides, but和except 这三个表示“除了”的介词，是同学们较难掌握也是高考英语中涉及得较多的几个重难点介词。现将其用法详解于下。

1. 基本区别。三者都可表示“除外”，但 besides 表示一种累加关系，意指“除了什么之外，还有…”；而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了什么之外，不再有…”。如：

Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他。

Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外，没有一个人看过他。

但是，在否定句中，besides 也表示“除…外不再有… ”，与but, except 同义：

No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim.  除吉姆外，没一个人通过考试。

2. 关于 but 与 except

(1) 两者都可表示“除…外不再有…”，但含义上略有差别：but侧重指意义的几乎完整性，而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较：

All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。

All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。

(2) 在现代英语中，but 的介词用法十分有限，一般说来，它只能用在下列词语之后：

① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere  等

② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere  等

③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere  等

④ all, none  等(www.hxen.net)

⑤ who, what, where  等

Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。

I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外，我没告诉任何人。

No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。

但是 except 却没有以上限制：

正：The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外，这扇窗户从不打开。

误：The window is never opened but in summer.

(3) but 一定不能用于句首，except 通常不用于句首：

除我之外每个人都累了。

正：Everyone is tired but (except) me.

正：Everyone but (except) me is tired.

误：But (Except) me, everyone is tired.

注：except for 可用于句首，表示 except 的意思：Except for me, everyone is tired.

3. 关于 except 与 except for。except 主要用来谈论同类的东西，而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西，有时含有惋惜之意：

All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外，其他的作文都写得很好。

His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。

若用于句首，则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。