内部讲义:常考词的语法与用法(13)
2. 比较下面两句因所用介词不同,所导致的意思改变:
We reduced the price by 40 percent. 我们把价格降低了40%。
We reduced the price to 40 percent. 我们把价格降低到40%。
3. 与介词 to 连用,表示“使陷入某种状态”、“使变成”等。如:
Hunger reduced them to stealing. 饥饿使他们沦落为盗贼。
This reduced her to silence (tears). 这使她无话可说(哭了起来)。
◆refer v.
1. 用作不及物动词,主要用于 refer to, 主要用法有:
(1) 表示“提到”、“谈到”。如:
Don’t refer to the matter again. 不要再谈这事了。
(2) 表示“意指”、“指……而言”。如:
I don’t know what she referred to. 我不知她指的是什么。
When I said some people are stupid, I wasn’t referring to you. 我说有些人很愚蠢,并不是指你。
(3) 表示“查阅”、“参考”、“看”。如:
You can refer to your notes when you are speaking. 你发言时可以看稿子。
If you don’t know what this word means, refer to the dictionary. 如果你不知道这个词的意思,查一下词典吧。
(4) 表示“适用于”、“与……有关”。如:
The regulations refer only to children. 这些规定只适用于小孩。
What I have to say refers to all of you. 我要说的事与你们大家都有关。
2. 用作及物动词,表示“归功于”、“使……参考或查询”等,若其宾语后需要接介词通常还是 to。如:
He referred his wealth to hard work. 他说他是勤劳致富。
He referred me to the Enquiry Office. 他要我去找问讯处。
比较下面的句子:
He referred to the dictionary. 他查了字典。
He referred me to the dictionary. 他叫我查字典。
◆refuse v.
1. 表示“拒绝”,若后接名词或代词作宾语,通常表示拒绝接受某物;若后接双宾语,则通常表示给予某物。如:
He refused the money. 他拒绝收钱。
He refused her nothing. 她要什么他就给什么。
注:双宾语易位时,通常用介词 to。如:
We refused him admittance. /We refused admittance to him. 我们不让他入场。
2. 表示拒绝做某事,其后可接不定式,但是不接动名词、不定式的复合结构或 that从句。如:
他拒绝我用他的词典。
正:He refused to let me use his dictionary.
误:He refused me to use his dictionary.
误:He refused my using his dictionary.
误:He refused that I should use his dictionary.
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