大学英语自学教程 下册 un15

[15:46.02]晚上,周末把一学期的工作塞到两周内学完的高强度的学习过程
[15:49.45]their demands for learning
[15:52.69]bring a vague but real threat to the school establishment.
[15:55.17]--他们学习的要求对学校体制构成了一种不明确的但却是真正的威胁.
[15:57.65]The greatest challenge to education
[16:01.41]is likely to come from our new opportunities for diversity.
[16:04.00]  对教育最大的挑战可能来自我们所示多样性的新时机.
[16:06.58]We now have the chance to apply the basic findings of psychological
[16:12.33]developmental and educational research over the last 100 years:
[16:15.57]现在我们有机会运用过去100多年来心理的,发展的,教育的基本研究成果,
[16:18.81]namely that no one educational method fits all children.
[16:21.84]那就是,没有一种教育方法适合所有孩子.
[16:24.87]Almost all children are capable of attaining the same standards
[16:30.43]within a reasonable period of time.
[16:32.35]几乎所有孩子都有能力在一段合理时间内达到相同的标准.
[16:34.27]All but a few babies, for instance,
[16:36.31]例如:除少数婴儿外,
[16:38.35]learn to walk by the age of two and to talk by the age of three,
[16:41.33]所有婴儿都能在两岁学会走路,三岁学会说话,
[16:44.30]but no two get there quite the same way.
[16:46.33]但是没有两个婴儿以完全相同的方式达到这种程度.
[16:48.35]So too at higher levels.
[16:50.12]较高水平也是一样的.
[16:51.88]Some children learn best by rote,
[16:53.71]一些孩子通过死记硬背学得很好.
[16:55.54]in structured environments with high certainty and strict discipline.
[16:58.42]在高度确定和严格纪律构筑的环境下,
[17:01.31]Others gain success in the less structured "permissive" atmosphere
[17:06.95]of a "progressive" school.
[17:08.83]另一些人在"进步的"学校里的结构不那么严格的"随意"气氛下获得进步.
[17:10.71]Some adults learn out of books, some learn by doing,
[17:13.35]一些成年人学习书本以外的东西,一些人通过做而学习,
[17:15.99]some learn best by listening.
[17:17.73]一些人通常听学得很好.
[17:19.46]Some students need prescribed daily doses of information;
[17:22.25]一些学生需要每天规定动作一些信息;
[17:25.03]others need challenge and a high degree of responsibility
[17:30.59]for the design of their own work.
[17:32.42]其他人需要挑战,规划他们自己学习的高要求.
[17:34.25]But for too long,
[17:35.78]但长期以来,
[17:37.31]teachers have insisted that there is one best way to teach and learn,
[17:40.09]教师们坚持认为有一种教与学的最好方法,
[17:42.87]even though they have disagreed about what that way is.
[17:45.21]尽管他们对那种方式是什么意见不一.
[17:47.55]A century ago,the greatest majority of Americans
[17:50.12]  一个世纪以前,绝大多数美国人居住在很小的社区,
[17:52.69]lived in communities so small that only one one-room schoolhouse
[17:59.33]was within walking distance of small children.
[18:01.65]在小孩可以步行的范围内只有一个单间较舍.
[18:03.98]Then there had to be "one right method" for everybody to learn.
[18:06.80]那么,那只能是每个人学习的"好方法"了.
[18:09.62]Today the great majority of pupils in the United States
[18:11.98]今天多数美国
[18:14.35](and all developed countries)
[18:16.18](以及所有发达国家)
[18:18.01]live in big cities with such density
[18:20.04]的学生居住在高密度的大城市里,
[18:22.08]that there can easily be three or four elementary schools--
[18:27.36]as well as secondary schools within each child's walking or bicycling distance.
[18:30.78]在每一个孩子步行或骑车范围内很容易找到三四所小学,中学.
[18:34.20]This enables students and their parents
[18:38.04]to choose between alternative routes to learning offered by competing schools.
[18:41.23]这使得学生和他们的父母能在互相竞争的学校提供的不同学习方法中进行选择.
[18:44.41]Indeed,competition and choice
[18:48.57]are already beginning to infiltrate the school system,
[18:50.89]确实,竞争和选择已在开始渗入到学校体制中.
[18:53.22]Private schools and colleges have shown an unusual ability to survive
[18:56.30]私立学校和学院在别处费用上涨
[18:59.38]and develop during a period of rising costsand dropping enrollments elsewhere.
[19:02.56]和招生下降期间显示出非凡的生存,发展能力.
[19:05.73]All this presents,of course,a true threat to the public school establishment