经济学人下载:森林禁令

However, turning the scheme—known as “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation”, or REDD—into actual conservation is not proving easy, either in Indonesia as a whole or in Tanjung Puting in particular. Next to the park is a stretch of peat-swamp forest, mostly degraded but rich in carbon. A Hong Kong firm called infinite EARTH has earmarked this for a REDD project called Rimba Raya (“infinite forest”). Birute Galdikas, a renowned primatologist who has been studying orang-utans in Tanjung Puting since 1971, is “thrilled” by the idea. Rescued orang-utans, of whom more than 300 are in her care centre in the park, could be freed without danger to the wild population.

但是把这个被称为“减少森林砍伐与森林退化的排放计划”或“REDD”的计划变成实际的保护并不是一件简单的事，无论是在印度尼西亚整个国家或是丹戎普丁国家公园都是如此。与丹戎普丁国家公园相邻的事一大片的泥炭沼泽森林，几乎已经退化但含有丰富的碳。一个称为infinite EARTH 的香港公司把这个REDD项目称为“Rimba Raya”（无限的森林）。Birute Galdikas对该项目很赞赏，她是一位著名的灵长目动物学家，她从1971年以来就开始研究丹戎普丁国家公园的猩猩，在公园的中心由300多只猩猩在她的照料下可以安全地放回野生群体中。

Rimba Raya seems to offer many other benefits. Trees would be replanted or conserved (Borneo’s forest has more tree species per hectare than anywhere else); the forest would regenerate; some 10,000 people would benefit from “community development” projects such as one to increase fishing yields. And the earth would be spared a huge amount of emitted carbon: by one calculation, as much as 75m tonnes over the next 30 years. The project’s investors, including Gazprom, a Russian energy giant that has paid in advance for some carbon credits, think it will be lucrative. And it has passed most of a tough certification process.

Rimba Raya 似乎也带来了许多别的利润。该森林中的树木可以重新种植或被保护（婆罗洲森林每公顷的树木种类比其他任何地方都多）；森林可以再生，10,000的人将会从“地区开发”项目中受益，诸如增加渔业收益就是其中一个例子。并且地球将会减少很多的碳排放：经人估计，在今后的30年里将会减少75百万吨这么多。该项目的投资者也包括俄罗斯能源巨头——俄罗斯天然气股份工业有限公司，该公司认为该项目有利可图，已经提前支付了一些碳信用额，并且它已经通过了艰难认证程序中的大部分。

Yet Ms Galdikas is worried that the project may never happen. Three years on, the final land-use decree has yet to appear. The problem is one that will dog REDD. To win certification, Rimba Raya has to show that the forest is under genuine threat: no point in giving carbon credits for conserving trees and peatland that were not in danger anyway. In Rimba Raya’s case, the threat is real enough. The area is subject to various overlapping concessions, including preliminary licences for conversion to palm-oil plantations. The holders of those licences, who have already invested in the concessions, are naturally reluctant to give them up.

但是Galdikas女士担心该项目可能很难实现。三年已经过去了，最终土地使用法令还是没有颁发。这是一个会影响REDD项目的问题，为了赢得认证，Rimba Raya需要证明该森林是处于真正的危险之中：没有必要为保护树和没有任何危险的泥炭地颁发碳信用. Rimba Raya项目并未给该地区构成真正的威胁.该地区存在许多错综复杂的优惠,包括为棕榈种植园开发颁发初步的许可证，这些许可证的持有者已经投资到这些优惠当中,所以他们实际上并不愿意放弃.

According to those following the project, this is a political battle in which the forces on the other side have considerable muscle. It also reflects a broader struggle over REDD in Indonesia being fought at the national level. Last May Indonesia’s president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, announced a two-year moratorium on commercial deforestation starting on January 1st this year. In return, Norway committed $1 billion for REDD payments.

根据跟进这些项目的人说,这是一个政治斗争,并且另一方有相当大的权利，它也反映出在印度尼西亚关于REDD方面的斗争是全国范围的。在去年5月份印度尼西亚的总统Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono宣布从今年1月份开始进行为期2年的禁止商业森林砍伐。挪威承诺为REDD支付1亿美元作为补偿。