经济学人下载:讣告-奥萨马本拉登

How he really saw himself was as a construction engineer. Construction had made the bin Laden family fortune, $5 billion at least, from which he had inherited $25m-30m. (There had been much more, perhaps $250m, and a yearly stipend of $7m, until his native Saudi Arabia expelled him in 1991 and froze his assets; but Allah provided for his servant, and some of his several dozen half-brothers and sisters slipped him money.) In the 1980s he bought excavators, dump trucks and bulldozers, sometimes driving them himself, digging trenches for the mujahideen to fight along in Afghanistan against the Soviet invaders, blasting tunnels in the mountains for their arms dumps and field hospitals, until in 1989 the unbeliever-enemy withdrew in shame and disgrace.

但是内心深处，他认为自己是一个建筑工程师。建筑业务为本拉登世家带来至少有50亿美元之巨的财富，而他继承了其中2500万到3000万美元的家产。（实际财产可能更多，估计有2.5亿美元，此外他每年还有700万美元的年金入账，直到1991年沙特将他驱逐出境并冻结其财产。但是，真主阿拉眷顾他，几十个同父异母的兄弟姐妹中，有些人也偷偷地给他提供资助。）80年代时，他买来挖土机，货车，和推土机，有时候自己亲自上阵，为圣战分子挖掘壕沟，帮助他们抗击入侵阿富汗的苏联人，同时他炸山头，挖隧道，连通武器库和战地医院。抗战一直持续到1989年，最后异教徒敌人无可奈何，悻悻地撤军走人。

He made roads in Sudan, too, when he was exiled there in the 1990s, including a new highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan. But he was mostly building his terror network, starting with the guesthouses and weapons he provided in Afghanistan through his maktab al-khidamat (“services office”), then creating al-Qaeda, “the base”. Much of this was done with Abdullah Azzam, his religious mentor; later, the terror-work was directed by Ayman al-Zawahiri and others; but it was he who first recorded, in hundreds of individual files, the details of each eager recruit, the date of arrival, what he had done for the cause. Keenly, he followed the media coverage of the atrocities he inspired, playing the world’s press like a violin when he chose. He built the brand and turned it into a global franchise; his face advertised it, even as he disappeared. If just two fighters held up a piece of cloth with “al-Qaeda” on it, he said proudly, American generals would run to the place in swarms.

90年代流亡于苏丹时，他也在那里修路，包括喀土穆和苏丹港之间的崭新高速公路。但是他更多地是建造自己的恐怖网络。首先，他从自己的旅馆和通过“服务办公室”向阿富汗输送的武器着手，然后组建了基地组织。这期间很大一部分工作是由他的宗教导师阿卜杜拉阿赞完成的，之后，这一恐怖网络由阿扎维和其他人来指挥，但是第一个以数百份文件的形式记录每位狂热的新基地分子的详细信息，包括加入的日期，为圣战事业做出何等功绩的人就是他。他密切地关注媒体对于他所引导的残暴恐怖事件的报道，同时像拨弄小提琴般随心所欲地玩弄世界的媒体。他一手打造了基地这个品牌，并做大做强，分支涵盖全球。即便他杳无踪影，他的脸庞依旧是最好的代言。他自豪的宣称，只需两个武装分子举起一块“基地组织”字样的破布，美国的将军们便会争先恐后地冲向那里。

His mind and approach were those of a businessman. The same caution that characterised his fugitive existence in Afghanistan and Pakistan—avoiding phones, the internet, even watches, anything that might be used to track him, slipping from cave to safe house to compound—featured in his investments, which were profitable and practical. No political ideology guided him, though he might lie for hours at night thinking, or read for most of the day. The polite, pious rich boy, who had left university without a degree, became neither an intellectual nor a visionary.

他思维行事有如商人一般。这种谨慎贯穿于他在阿富汗和巴基斯坦的流亡生涯：他不用电话，不上网，甚至连手表都不用，只要是有可能追踪到他的东西，他一概不用。同时，他流窜于山洞，隐匿住房，大院中。这种谨慎也体现在他的投资当中，他的投资，既可盈利，又能解难。虽然晚上他会好几个小时躺着思考问题，或者白天大部分时间也都在阅读，但是他没有任何政治形态意识。这个礼貌而虔诚的富家公子，文凭都没拿一个就离开了大学，最后既没成为知识分子，也没成为一个卓识之士。

Pure rage was all he needed, roused especially by the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and the arrival of American troops in Saudi Arabia, on the holy ground of the two mosques in Mecca and Medina, in 1990. Hatred of America had tormented him for as long as he could remember. To drive out the infidels, to establish Palestine and destroy Israel, to eject the “heretics” who ruled in Saudi Arabia, to purify Islam itself with Wahhabist fundamentalism, were his ambitions. If they boiled down to a doctrine, it was a violent form of jihad, the holy duty of all Muslims, to make God’s word victorious; or just what he called “reciprocity”, an eye for an eye.

他需要的就是炽热的愤怒。1982年以色列入侵黎巴嫩，或者1990年美国军队进入沙特，驻扎在麦加和麦地那的两座被视为圣地的清真寺，这样的情景所燃起的炽热怒火最遂他的心意。自记事以来，对美国的仇恨一直煎熬着他。他踌躇满志，一心要驱逐异教徒，建立巴勒斯坦，消灭以色列，驱逐统治沙特的“异教徒”，并使伊斯兰得到瓦哈比教派原教旨主义的净化。 如果所有这些归结于某一个主义的话，那就是暴力形式的圣战运动，而圣战则是所有穆斯林的天职，旨在使真主阿拉的意愿获胜，或者就是他所说的“一报还一报”，即以牙还牙。