经济学人下载:日本之自身观&海洋观解读

Yet the seas, and what Japan does with them, are also the main sources of friction with the outside world. The trouble starts with the names: the Sea of Japan is the East Sea to South Korea, and the East Sea of Korea to Pyongyang. Outlying islands are no less contentious, largely thanks to the memories of pre-1945 Japanese aggression that they stir up. So Dokdo, occupied by South Korea, is claimed by Japan, which calls it Takeshima. (Koreans denigrate the claim, pointing out that the island has no take, or bamboo, at all.) Island disputes with China and Russia also fester. And then comes whaling and dolphin-slaying, where the cultural gap with much of the Western world appears at its widest. The Oshika peninsula, devastated by the tsunami, welcomes visitors by boasting of its two main industries, whaling and nuclear power. No wonder that even before the Fukushima nuclear crisis, its stunning scenery was not on most foreign tourist itineraries.

然而，海洋连同日本人利用海洋的所作所为却沦为了大和民族与外界摩擦的一个焦点。麻烦始于名字：韩国人把日本海称作是自己的东海，而朝鲜又将其视为自己的朝鲜东海。截止到1945年为止，日本的侵略扩张更是搅起了势头毫不逊色的离岛之争。日本发表声明称；韩属多克多岛为日本领土，并将其称为竹岛，韩国人反对此项声明，同时指出此岛根本就没有竹子。日本同中国及俄罗斯的领土纷争也是纷纷扰扰，愈演愈烈。而正当这个时候，捕杀鲸鱼以及刺杀海豚的丑闻又被爆出，日本同多数西方国家的文化鸿沟也由此到了极限状态。日本杜鹿郡半岛（后遭海啸洗劫），大大吹嘘其捕鲸以及核能两大产业以招徕游客。因此即便福岛尚未遭受核危机之时，那里美丽的景色就不受多数外国游客的待见，也就不足为怪了。

Now that Japan faces the task of rebuilding its coastal communities, can it cast its relationship with the sea in a new light? That is the hope of some who want Tohoku, Honshu’s north-eastern region, to become a blueprint for a more harmonious balance between man and nature—once the Fukushima nuclear plant stops pouring radioactive bilge into the ocean. Shigeru Sugawara, mayor of semi-destroyed Kesennuma, is one of them. Since the tsunami, he has printed new business cards that say: “Kesennuma is immortal as long as there is the sea.” But he wants the relationship to change: a smaller deep-sea fishing industry, for example, and more “slow-life”industries, such as tourism, organic food and day-boat fishing.

既然日本准备重建沿海地区，那么能否用一个新的视角来处理同海洋的关系呢？有人希望福岛核电站不再向海洋排放辐射性废水之后，本州岛东北部地区能够成为“天人合一”（人和自然更加和谐相处）的蓝图，这些人自然是盼望新视角出现。气仙沼市市长菅原就是这群人中的一个（仙台市惨遭天灾侵袭）。自海啸席卷之后，他就为自己打造了新名片，上书：“只要大海还在，仙台就永垂不朽”。但同时他也希望人与大海的关系能够有所改变，比方说，打造较小规模的深海渔业，打造更多诸如旅游业，有机食品业，船钓渔业等短期产业项目。

The prefectural governor, Yoshihiro Murai, takes a somewhat different tack. He is trying to use the disaster to bypass co-operatives, whose priority rights over fishing along the coast, he claims, often put off private enterprise. Intriguingly, his calls for deregulation have struck a chord even in ancient fishing communities whose members are as old as Hokusai was when he created his masterwork. In Momonoura, an oyster-farming village, fishermen whose families have harvested the sea for centuries realise that, tsunami or not, their community is dying out, since young men and women do not want to step into their grandfathers’ rubber boots. Private capital might not only buy new boats, but give offspring jobs close to home. Another village has set up an enterprising share scheme to finance new oyster beds and skiffs to work them.

地方长官鹊鸟略微改变了策略，走上了另一条路。日本的渔业合作团体在沿海渔业上享有优先权，但是用鹊鸟的话来说这种优先权经常妨碍到私营企业的发展，所以鹊鸟打算利用这次天灾打破合作社的垄断（绕道渔业合作社而行）。有意思的是，鹊鸟倡导的“放松渔业管制”，竟然能博得古老渔业社区的共鸣，这些社区的成员同当年创作《巨浪下的神户川》时的葛饰北斋年龄相仿。桃浦是一个牡蛎养殖村，那里世代靠打渔为生的渔民意识到，就算没有海啸侵袭，他们的社区也会逐渐走向消亡，因为年轻人都不再愿意子承父业。私人资产可能就不再只是用于添置新船了，而也用来为子孙在家附近找份工作。另一个村子则设立了颇具胆识的企业股份计划，用来集资开辟新的牡蛎养殖场，以及购买用于劳作的船只。