名人教你讲英文：By ... of ...

名人教英文：by ... of ...

早前介绍词组结构 at the... of someone 和 to the... of someone，这次谈谈 by... of...。
by dint of 和 by virtue of 都有“凭着”的意思，但前者通常表示凭着努力（due to the efforts of something）。dint 是古字，有 force 或 effort 的意思，现在只用于 by dint of 这个词组之中。例如：amy got into the university of hong kong by dint of hard work.
by virtue of 则可泛指基于某些原因或条件（because of something）。例如：amy became an american citizen by virtue of her birth in the united states.

by means of 解作透过某些方法（by using something）。例如：amy paid for college by means of a student loan.

by courtesy of 是套语。courtesy 一般解作“礼貌”、“礼节”，但 by courtesy of 则用来表示“承蒙……赞助/提供/允许使用”。例如：