大学英语自学教程 下册 un01

[00:00.00]Self-study
[00:29.60]Unit 1  Text A    What Is a Decision?
[00:32.72]决策是什么?
[00:35.84]A decision is a choice
[00:40.28]made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
[00:43.66]决策即是从几种可行的行为中做出选择.
[00:47.05]The purpose of makinga decision
[00:51.10]is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.
[00:54.82]决策的目的是为了建立和达到组织的目标.
[00:58.54]The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists,
[01:01.56]决策的原因是存在着问题,
[01:04.57]goals or objectives are wrong
[01:06.99]目标有误,
[01:09.41]or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
[01:12.03]或有某种东西妨碍着它的实现.
[01:14.66]Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.
[01:18.38]  因此决策的过程对于管理是必不可和的.
[01:22.10]almost everything a manager does involves decisions,
[01:25.63]几乎管理者所做的所有事情都涉及到决策.
[01:29.16]indeed,some suggest that the management process is decisions making.
[01:33.09]确实,有人认为管理过程就是决策过程.
[01:37.02]Although managers cannot predict the future,
[01:40.05]虽然管理者不能预测未来,
[01:43.08]many of their decisions require that they condider possible future events.
[01:47.05]但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情.
[01:51.02]Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be
[01:54.76]通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测,
[01:58.49]and try to leave as little as possible to chance,
[02:01.42]从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生.
[02:04.34]but since uncrtainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.
[02:08.27]但因为总存在着不确定性,所以风险常伴随着决策.
[02:12.21]Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight;
[02:15.47]有时候不明知的决策的结果没什么大不了的,
[02:18.74]at other times they are serious.
[02:21.02]有时却非常严重.
[02:23.31] Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.
[02:26.69]  选择就是从可供选择的事物中进行选择的机会.
[02:30.07]If there is no choice,there is no decision to be made.
[02:33.25]如果没有选择,就不会有决策.
[02:36.42]Decision making is the process of choosing,
[02:39.69]决策是选择的过程,
[02:42.95]and many decisions have a broad range of choice.
[02:46.03]许多决策有很广的可选范围.
[02:49.12]For example,
[02:50.88]例如:
[02:52.64]a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses
[02:55.97]例如:为了完成得到大学学位的决策,
[02:59.30]in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.
[03:02.44]一个学生可以从许多不同的课程中选择.
[03:05.57]For managers,every decision has constraints based on policies,
[03:09.40]对管理者来说,每次决策都受到政策,
[03:13.23]procedures,laws,precedents,and the like.
[03:16.31]程序,法律,惯例等等因素的制约.
[03:19.39]These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
[03:22.51]这些制约存在于各级组织中.
[03:25.64]Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.
[03:29.61]  供选择的事物是指可供从中选择的可能的行为过程.
[03:33.58]If there are no alternatives,there is no choice and,therefore,no decision.
[03:37.55]如果没有供选择的事物,就不能做出选择,因此,就没有决策.
[03:41.52]If no alternatives are seen,
[03:43.56]如果找不到可供选择的事物,
[03:45.59]often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.
[03:49.22]通常意味着对这个问题还没有做彻底的审查.
[03:52.86]For example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion;
[03:56.83]例如:管理者有时用二者择一的方式来处理问题,
[04:00.80]this is their way of simplifying complex problems.
[04:03.44]这是他们简化复杂问题的方式.
[04:06.07]But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
[04:09.65]但这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的办法.
[04:13.23]At the managerial level,
[04:15.11]  在管理级别上,
[04:16.99]decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them,
[04:21.02]决策包括限定并确定可选择的事物,
[04:25.04]and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
[04:28.53]其范围从极其有限到实际上无限多.