大学英语自学教程 下册 un01

[04:32.01] Decision makers must have some way of determining
[04:34.94]决策者必须有办法决定
[04:37.86]which of several alternatives is best,
[04:40.24]在若干种可供选择的事物中哪能种是最优的,
[04:42.62]that is which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
[04:46.64]也就是哪种最有助于完成组织目标.
[04:50.66]An organizational goal
[04:54.50]is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
[04:57.98]组织目标是组织所追求达到的事件的结束或状态.
[05:01.45]Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about
[05:08.61]how to attain the goals,
[05:10.65]因为个体(和组织)关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点,
[05:12.69]the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
[05:15.66]哪能种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策.
[05:18.64]Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually
[05:23.11]通常,一个组织中的各部门或单位做出的决策对他们个体来说是有益的,
[05:27.58]but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
[05:30.45]但对更大的组织来说则不是最理想的.
[05:33.32]Called suboptimization,
[05:35.40]所谓的局部最优化,
[05:37.48]this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function
[05:41.45]这种权衡增加了对一个单位或一项职能的好处,
[05:45.42]but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
[05:48.75]却减少了对其他单位或职能的好处.
[05:52.08]For example,the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget.
[05:56.05]例如:销售经理可能为了提高广告预算而极力说服他人.
[06:00.02]In the larger scheme of things, however,
[06:02.36]可在更大大的方案中,
[06:04.70]increased funding for research to improve the products
[06:10.44]might be more beneficial to the organization.
[06:12.94]提高研究基金以改进产品可能对整体组织更大有益处.
[06:15.43]These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives
[06:22.38]that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
[06:25.16]  因为组织希望同时达到许多目标,这此权衡就会发生.
[06:27.94]Some of these objectives are more important than others,
[06:31.03]其中一些目标较其他目标更重要,
[06:34.11]but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.
[06:38.63]但其顺序和重要程度在人与人,部门与部门之间则常常不同.
[06:43.15]Different managers define the same problem in different terms.
[06:46.41]不同的管理者用不同的术语定义同样的问题.
[06:49.68]When presented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problems,
[06:53.65]当面对一件日常事例时,销售经理倾向于去看销售环节的问题,
[06:57.62]production managers see production problems,and so on.
[07:00.28]生产经理则看生产环节的问题等等.
[07:02.95]The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based,in part,
[07:07.08]  在某种程序上,多种目标的先后顺序和重要性
[07:11.20]on the values of the decision maker.
[07:13.54]也基于决策人的价值观念.
[07:15.88]Such values are personal;they are hard to understand,
[07:18.91]这此价值观具有个人色彩,因为其可变性和复杂性,
[07:21.94]even by the individual,because they are so dynamic and complex.
[07:25.57]即使对个体而言,也很难以理解.
[07:29.20]In many business situations different people's values about
[07:32.43]在许多交易情形下,不同的人们关于风险和盈利的
[07:35.65]acceptable degrees of risk and profitability
[07:41.22]cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
[07:44.09]可接受程度的价值观念带来对决策正确性的不同意见.
[07:46.96]People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.
[07:50.74]  人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象.
[07:54.51]But from a systems point of view,problems have multiple causes,
[07:58.04]但从系统的观点看,问题有多种原因,
[08:01.57]and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.
[08:05.11]决策有预期的和非预期的结果.
[08:08.65]An organization is an ongoing entity,
[08:11.43]一个组织是一个正在发展中的实体,
[08:14.21]and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.
[08:16.99]现在的决策可能给将来带来深远的影响.
[08:19.77]Thats the skilled manager looks toward the future consequence of current decisions